A visit to the art institute of chicago museum

On South Michigan Avenue, stands the Art Institute of Chicago Museum. One of the first things that I noticed and one problem that I encountered is that The Art Institute of Chicago does not have its own parking lot. Good thing there are public garages nearby.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Art Institute has an â€Å"H† shape, if one will imagine from a bird’s-eye-view.   It is a three-storey building housing work spaces, study rooms, auditoriums and enclosed galleries. But what will truly stand out are its vast collections of paintings, sculptures, photographs, videos, textiles, and architectural drawings. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005). I was simply impressed with the exhibits. I marveled at the extensive and interesting collections there. As evident on the other people’s reactions, I think they felt the same way. Different reactions and moods were elicited from each of the art pieces. The exhibit about the Icons of Divinity from South and Southeast Asia caught my interest. This focused mainly on the art of the Hindus and Buddhists. The images display complex ideas about divinity. And it is always appealing to learn about the art of other cultures. Another is the exhibit featuring the different treatments in the works of Harry Callahan, a photographer. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005). The ‘Portrait of Cardinal Zelada’ by Anton Raffael, for me, presents the subject as someone dignified and regal. Emphasis is given on the position of the subject, sitting upright. The eyes and the small smile forming on the subject’s lips may also signify the graciousness of the subject. The artist may be portraying the righteousness and the nobility of the cardinal. I would also probably choose Anton Raffael to do my portrait. I would like my natural traits to be showed in the portrait, with more emphasis on the good characteristics. ‘Day of the Gods’ by Paul Gauguin and ‘Charity’ by Francesco de Mura both depict female nudes. Gauguin’s work has more eroticism in it than that of de Mura’s. That is because ‘Day of the Gods’ puts more emphasis on the physical beauty of the female, a Tahitian female in particular, than the other work. De Mura’s ‘Charity’, on the other hand, seems to dwell on motherhood and motherly love, thus, less erotic. I think the impact of eroticism is that it makes the visuals more attractive. Most people admire the physical beauty of the woman. Depicting and emphasizing that in the painting will draw more people into looking and appreciating the work of art. And lastly is the seascape, ‘The Beach at Sainte-Adresse’ by Claude Monet. The painting seems to express melancholy. Elements that point to such are the muted colors, the couple seated on the beach watching a regatta sail away, the coarse texture of the sand and the density and grayness of the sky. (The Art Institute of Chicago 2005) Even if only one of these parts is to be deleted, the message of the painting is not as full anymore. For instance, if the colors of the sky are changed into brighter hues, the painting won’t be so gloomy anymore. Or if the silhouettes of the sailboats are rubbed out of the painting, it won’t seem as though many people are sailing away. This just proves that all the elements in a painting contribute to the desired effect that an artist wants to show. Work Cited: 2005. The Art Institute of Chicago. http://www.artic.edu (accessed August 1,2006).      

Inclusion Is Thought To Be A Complex Education Essay

In general, inclusion of kids with particular educational demands in mainstream schools is an of import issue and all European states now have statute laws promoting inclusive educational scenes. ( Evans & A ; Lunt, 2002 ) . Even though inclusion has obtained assorted significances throughout the old ages, since the debut of the term in Warnock Report ( 1978 ) but besides through many Codes of Practice, the significance of effectual inclusion is still unclarified. ( Nind & A ; Wearmouth,2006 ) . So, it seems necessary, harmonizing to Unicef ( 2012 ) , to know apart inclusion from two other footings. First, segregation in which students are distributed to particular schools harmonizing to their damage. Second, from integrating in which pupils can be placed in mainstream schools but in separate, particular demands ‘ schoolrooms and be portion of this educational seeting every bit long as they adapt to its environment. Nevertheless, inclusion has a more embracing significance as i t proposes the suspension of all boundaries and a common assimilation of societal, cultural, curricular individuality of the kid but besides of the whole system. ( Nowich,2008 ; G, Richards et Armstrong 2011 ) . UNESCO refers this assimilation by stressing the duty of the society to offer instruction to everybody and by specifying that inclusion as a â€Å" procedure of increasing engagement in acquisition, civilizations and communities and cut downing exclusion within and from instruction † ( Unicef 2012,4p ) . This combination of increasing entree and besides of extinguishing exclusions led Booth ( 2003 ) to believe inclusion as an eternal process. However, it is something more than puting all kids, including those with SEN, in the same setting.It is, in contrast to integrating, the version of school to childrens ‘ demands. ( Heat et al. 2004 ) . However, it is non easy to comprehend the term of inclusion in theory but besides in practice.That is why Giddens ( 1994 ) refers to an â€Å" Utopian pragmatism † that many desire but few truly believe it can go on ( Croll & A ; Moses, 2000 ) while Slee ( 2004 ) metaphorically says that inclusion has become â€Å" jet lagged † in order to exemplify the assortment of definitions existed for inclusion throughout the years.Indeed, inclusion is hard to be understood and identified because of its diverseness and the deficiency of a planetary significance as in many states it is confused with integrating ( Armstrong,2005 ) . What is of import to comprehend is that we should see inclusion in a wider context in order to accomplish it.This agencies that if the purpose of extinguishing unintegrated instruction is successful, it is merely because society believes in inclusion and topographic points accent on persons ‘ rights and non on their acquisition troubles ( Thomas, 1997 ) . So, it is a affair of handling all kids every bit and non merely in the same manner ( Wedell, 2008 ) . This can be managed through a transmutation in the whole society and its rules and afterwards in every smaller context such as the educational 1†¦ . On the other manus, SEBD is besides considered a obscure term and hard to be understood because of deficiency of lucidity and the diverseness of their features. Consequently, inclusion of kids who are labelled as holding SEBD raises many treatments throughout the old ages. ( Cole & A ; Knowles 2011 ) .Nevertheless, it was non until 1981 through the Education Act that emotional and behavioral troubles ( EBD ) as a term was introduced and accepted for the first time.The old Educational Act ( 1944 ) had instigated the term â€Å" maladjusted † by doing a more medical attack of these troubles whereas in the 19th century, these students were confused with delinquents or â€Å" mental defectives † . ( Cole & A ; Knowles 30p. ) However, despite the abolition of †maladjusted kids † as a definition, the Education Act continued to advance integrating and non the inclusion of people with particular demands in general†¦ ..Besides, this advancement from covering the se pupils as being maladjusted or holding emotional upsets to kids with multiple troubles was besides considerable for switching off from the medical theoretical account and traveling towards the societal 1†¦ †¦ Many research workers argue that there is non a globally accepted definition for kids with emotional and behavioral troubles ( see e.g Benett & A ; Aalsvoort, 2005 ) even though many alterations in policy have been made through governmental paperss in order to advance inclusion of these pupils in mainstream schools ( Goodman, 2010 ) . It is used as a â€Å" quasi-official term † that concerns pupils ‘ behavior described as â€Å" riotous † , â€Å" exlcuded † , â€Å" disputing † or â€Å" at hazard † ( Clough, Garner, Pardek, Yuen 2005 p.7 ) . Despite the vagueness and the multiple definitions existed, there have been many governmental alterations that increase the opportunities for pupils with SEN such as those characterised as holding SEBD to be portion of mainstream instruction. ( Goodman & A ; Burton 2010 ) . For case, SEN Code of Practice explains SEBD as: â€Å" a acquisition trouble where kids and immature people demonstrate characteristics of emotional and behavioral troubles such as: being withdrawn or isolated, interrupting and disrupted ; being overactive and deficient concentration ; holding immature societal accomplishments ; or showing disputing behavior originating from other complex particular demands † ( DCSF 2008, paragraph 49 ) . Indeed, it is an imprecise term, as Goodman and Burton note, that is connected with many different behaviors, internalizing and projecting but besides with other troubles such as the job in acquisition or the hyperactivity. However, one of the most of import issues that might be raised is how teaching and inclusion can be effectual when the significance of umbrella footings such as SEN or SEBD have so many premises. ( Campbell 2002 ) .Furthermore, contemplations should be made about how to gain the purposes of inclusion and why all these barriers for its accomplishment exist.Is it appropriate to speak about a spread between theory and pattern? Jull ( 2009 ) summarises that inclusion of kids with SEBD faces many jobs in execution because of deficiency of educational and administrative administration but besides because of the behavior itself of pupils as the chief trouble to accomplish inclusion.Indeed, kids with SEBD are at great hazard of being excluded ( DfeS, 2004 ) as their antis ocial behavior is thought to be a great challenge ( White Paper 2010 ; Green Paper, 2007 ) . The troubles briefly outlined above high spot the complexness of inclusion of kids identified as holding SEBD in UK context as there is a scope of issues, challenges and quandary being raised. As a consequence, after analyzing these barriers, I will propose possible ways frontward to get the better of them. Furthermore, I will reason that despite the jobs and contemplations, inclusion can be achieved but in order to be effectual, a whole transmutation must be occurred in society and educational scenes. Therefore, I will do connexions to my ain personal experience in Greece as a six months volunteer instructor of handicraft and linguistic communication to striplings and grownups with high-functioning autism and Down syndrome who besides faced emotional and behavioral diificulties.

Study Plan for Masters in Surgery

ZSTU International Students Application Form | |? |(please print) | | |Name |Family Name | |Photo | | |? |(please print) | | | |Given Name | | | | | | | | |Nationality | |Gender | | | | | | | | |Passport No. | |Valid until | | | |? ? ? | | | |Date of Birth |Year Month Day |Marital Status | | | | |Place of Birth | | | | | | | |Religious Belief | |Physical Status | | | | | | |Highest Academic | |Major | | |Degree Obtained | | | | | | | |Current Employer or College Affiliated | | | Occupation | | | | | |Permanent Address | | | | Tel. /Mobile | Fax No. | E-mail | |My Contact Information | | | | | | | | | | Name | Tel. /Mobile | E-mail | |Contact on Emergencies | | | | | | | | | | Education & Work Experience | | | | | | | | | | | /Time for Chinese Learning: hours | |Proficiency of Chinese Language |HSK Band of HSK Achieved: | | | | |Preferences of College of Study | | | | | |Subject or Field of Study I Apply for | | | ? /From: ? /Year ? /Month ? /Day | |Duration |? /To: ? /Year ? /Month ? /Day | | /Categories of International Students I Apply to be in | |? /Bachelor’s Degree Candidate ? /Chinese Language Student | |? /Master’s Degree Candidate ? /General Scholar | |? /Doctor’s Degree Candidate ? /Senior Scholar | | |? /Scholarship ? /Self-supporting ? /Other | |Financial Support | | | | |Name, Tel & Address of the Guarantor Charging Your Case in China: | | | | | | /Guarantor’s Signature: Date: | | ( â€Å"? â₠¬ ? â€Å"? †) | |Do you have any of the following diseases(Each item must be answered â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"No†) | |? Yes ? No Cholera ? Yes ? No Venereal disease | |? Yes ? No Yellow fever ? Yes ? No Lung tuberculosis | |? Yes ? No Heart disease ? Yes ? No AIDS | |? Yes ? No Leprosy ? Yes ? No Mental illness | | /I hereby confirm that: | | , | |All information and materials given in this form are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I will take full | |responsibility for the authenticity of the above information. | | , ; | |I shall abide by the Chinese laws & the regulations during the study at Zhejiang Sci-Tech University and will not participate in any| |activities in China which are deemed to be adverse to the social order of China and are inappropriate to the capacity as a student. | | , |If I’m judged by the Chinese laws and decrees and the rules and regulations of ZSTU as having violated any of the above, I will not | |lodge any appeal against the decision of ZSTU on suspending my study at ZSTU or other penalties. | | /Applicant’s Signature: /Date: | | | |Advice of ZSTU Relevant Offices | | | | | | ): | |Director’s Signature(Seal) /Date: | | | |Remarks | | |

Academic Writing - Logical Fallacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic Writing - Logical Fallacies - Essay Example The question that ‘Why don’t you love me?’ is an example of this as Marissa is assuming, by the nature of her question, that her father does not love her, asking him why he does not. As Archie (2009) notes, the assumption of the complex question can only be known from the context. Not all cases where something not generally granted is assumed are fallacious because not all such passages involve arguments. Clearly, there is no good way to respond directly to the question being posed, only to identify the presupposition or assumption of the question. A corrected version of this question might be: â€Å"If you love me, why won’t you let me use the car.† This corrected version of the question focuses back on the issue of the car, and away from whether or not her father loves her. This is an example of a straw man, which as Kahane (2005) writes, involves a misrepresentation of an opponent’s position, or a competitor’s product, or goes after a weaker opponent or competitor while ignoring a stronger one. The argument Marissa is using is an Her Dad looked at her lovingly, â€Å"No, Marissa, I don’t think you’re a child. I just don’t think it’s safe for you to take the car to a party.† She snapped, â€Å"Because it’s not safe? Well, you better take away our kitchen knives, because they aren’t safe!† example of a straw man because it misrepresents her opponent’s, her father’s position on the issue. Because the two people know each other well, Marissa can anticipate her father’s objection, which she mischaracterizes to serve her own purposes. Like an advertiser misrepresenting the competition’s products and services (Kahane), Marissa has constructed a false reality in which her opponent makes a bad argument. To correct her mistake, Marissa ought to incorporate the possibility that her father does not think she is a child by starting her sentence with an â€Å"if†, like in the following: â€Å"If you don’t think I am a child, let me take

Women and Health Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women and Health - Research Proposal Example This is complex study of different interrelated factors, as age merely does not constitute towards aging diseases or undemocratic treatments. The major causes of higher mortality ratio of aging on women are cardiovascular diseases, such as â€Å"heart stroke, cancer particularly lungs and breast cancer, diabetics, and nutritional problems, such as obesity or anemic, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, mental illness leading to depression† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 1-29), dementia, and sensory impairment, such as loss of sight or hearing. Women have lower life expectancy in under developed countries than the developed due to various reasons such as improper nutrition, lack of access to healthcare, neglecting, and discrimination by the social society and mental anxiety etc. The important task is to determine the chronic ailment in women by their lifestyle, social and economic accordance, and perception of healthy lifestyle awareness that could increase their expectancy ratio but aging still gives a significant damage when the body starts to get older. They live few years more than their counterparts do but it is always engrave with sickness and disabilities (Bonita, pp. 2-25). Cardiovascular diseases mainly heart stroke is the highest and common cause of death in aged women than men. The older women are at a higher stake of heart attack and peripheral arterial diseases since their entering into the postmenopausal period. INTRODUCTION The coronary heart diseases, such as heart attack, stroke, and other arterial vascular diseases are the angle of death for the aging women in the USA herby claiming approximately 2.3 million deaths due to heart attack and 0.87 million by the stroke. The death toll of cardiovascular diseases is six times higher than widespread breast cancer in women. According to the statistics, almost 62% of older women struck by disability due to heart stroke and 36% are middle-aged women who survive the fatal heart attack (Bonita, pp. 2-25). About 58% of the women incur half of their health care bills on cardiovascular diseases. There will be an increase of 45% in the population of aged women suffering from coronary heart diseases by 2015 giving rise to the major health problem in near future. With the process of aging to 65, the risk of cardiovascular diseases toll to one in three and it will continue to grow every year. The risk of lack of awareness in women of cardiovascular diseases after the advent of postmenopausal period is substantial and is the like the shield that have been wore out and exposed to the serious coronary disease which is a crucial cause of the study (Wenger et al., pp. 247-256). Risk Factors in uprising the Cardiovascular Diseases in Women The risk for developing the chronic coronary heart diseases are unlikely the same as their male counterpart. â€Å"Smoking tobacco, hypertension, diabetic’s mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, mal-nutritious life style, and elevated alcohol consumpt ion, increased level of serum cholesterol, higher or lower density of lipo- protein levels† (Olds, London, & Ladewig, pp. 401-440) and deprivation of estrogens hormones after the post menopause. Smoking cigarettes especially tobacco and nicotine consumption in younger women have raised by almost 23% since the last decade which is the major contribution to the chronic health diseases in the older age. Studies have also indicated that earlier in 1990's 45% of

Physics and Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physics and Art - Essay Example It originated in Abbey Church of St. Denis in Paris as a vision of Abbot Suger. He wanted to create a physical representation of Heavenly Jerusalem. It is characterized by gothic arches, ribbed vaults, clustered columns, and flying buttresses. This style is usually associated with cathedrals and churches. The gothic arch, characterized by a tendency to form a point at its apex and typically even jointed, symbolizes an admiration to heaven, and it channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle, thus making the structure stronger. Examples of this can be found in the central large window of the following image as well as in the two smaller windows high up on on the towers. The ribbed vaults are used to roof irregular shapes. These are usually seen in areas spanning windows of many structures but were also used to support heavy roofing material in larger sized rooms without the need for as many interior columns. These styles were adopted by different countries like Portugal, France, Spain, & England. Big Ben is one of London’s famous structures. At night, the clock face of the tower is illuminated, creating an amazing view to everybody looking at it. As the following image shows, the clock faces are designed based on the Arts and Crafts movement with its emphasis on the stained glass construction. This design also enables some of the face pieces to be removed for the inspection of the hands.The faces are set in iron framework with the surround of the dials and the inner face heavily gilded. They are approximately 21 feet in diameter. Big Ben does not refer to the clock itself, but to a bell hung within that clock. It has a 9-0" diameter, is 7-6" high, and weighs 13 tons 10 cwts 3 qtrs 15lbs (13,760 Kg). It is the most famous bell ever cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry only a few miles away from Westminster Tower. Look to the photo to the right for a concept of the scale of the great

Management and leadership in exercise and sport Essay

Management and leadership in exercise and sport - Essay Example Hence management can be described as the art of getting things done or getting resources being used through people. This paper will look at the above mentioned functions of management and how they are employed in management. (Higgings 1994, p. 34) There are four basic functions of management. First management is involved in planning the resources for the organization. In this regard, management performs the work of determining resources that are to be used in the organization and how they are to be used. Management also carries out the work of leading the organization. In this function management works to direct resources in the organization on how they are to be used. This calls for application of leadership skills in order to direct others on how the resources are to be used. Management also functions to coordinate the operations of the organization in order to ensure that resources are used in the most appropriate manner. In this regard the management coordinates the functions of different departments in the organization so that they can function as one system. Management also functions to control the resources in the organization. ... Planning should act as the base under which all other functions of management are to be carried out. It forms the core operation of management function since there can be no management if there is not efficient planning of how resources are to be used in the operation of an organization. Planning involves the assessment of the needs of the organization and consequently coming up with ways on how those needs are to be fulfilled. Assessment helps the management to understand how all other functions are to be integrated in order to achieve the set goals. Basically planning involves setting goals and objectives that has to be achieved. (Purcell 2006, p. 5) Planning can simply be termed as an unending course of actions. It involves coming up with set of problems to be addressed and strategies that will be used to address the problems. Planning is therefore the way in which management assess the needs of the organization and consequently comes up with strategies aimed at addressing the specific needs. Strategies can be termed as a systematic way of addressing external and internal factors that helps an organization to achieve its objectives. Depending on the conditions and the needs to be addressed, the management may have to come up with different strategies or change its course of action in fulfilling its goals. This is function of management is called strategic planning. In this regard the management must take time to analyze internal and external factors that may affect the strategies of an organization to achieve the set goals. It invokes studying strengths and weakness, opportunities and threats of the organization in its pursuit o f achieving the set goals. This requires practical and

Roger Williams Quotation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Roger Williams Quotation - Essay Example This letter, which was written in 1655, explains fully his views of religious freedom. He also elaborates on how religious corruption in government, creates difficulties in religion. According to him, all people should have equal rights to be associated with the religion they choose, and their rights should be protected by the law. The government should, therefore, have no control over whether one is a church follower or not. God did not love some people more than others and, people should live together as a community according to Williams’ belief. The ship used in this quote symbolizes the society that existed at that time. This, therefore, showed that all different religions should be able to live without separation or disagreement in a society. It is assumed by different theologians and scholars that William used the ship as a symbol because he used a ship to travel to the Western Hemisphere, where he was able to attain the freedom of religion. William was very strong in what he had believed and therefore, he was able to launch the First Baptist church in Providence. He also initiated a colony of religious minorities; which was, by then, known as Providence Plantation. William’s idea of religious freedom has a great impact on the society today. Every person should have freedom of choice on which religion he or she should follow. The intervention of the state and the government, as William states, brings more problem than what people should experience in religion. This means that belief of an individual should not be dependent on rules of the state and should, therefore, be protected by the law. I, to a great extent, support his idea of the ship, which symbolizes living together as a community of different religions despite the fact that they have different beliefs. This is Christian value that should be emulated by every person.  

Gender Bias at Birth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender Bias at Birth - Research Paper Example During 1990 Amartya Sen conducted a research named â€Å"More than 100 million women are missing† and figured out that there is a variation between the population of females in Western nations and Eastern nations (Sen 1). She even figured out that in nations that fall in the regions of Asia and Africa face the issue of lower birth rate of female gender than male gender. She even asserts that certain Asian nations such as Japan are experiencing women majority population while others that are less developed such as Pakistan and India experience male majority in the society. She further figured out that certain regions of India, the female population is in the majority and in other regions the male population is in majority. The most common reasons cited for decreased women population in an Eastern nation is that Eastern nations are sexist. Amartya argues that this is not true since there are certain Eastern nations such as Japan that have a women majority. A similar research was conducted by Sucharita Sinha Mukherjee named â€Å"Women’s Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India†, in this research she figured out that the previously held view that as development arises, biases towards female birth and anti-feminists believe the decline is incorrect (Mukherjee 26). The researcher figured out that census of India has failed to accurately account for females in the nation. She even figured out that even during the census of 2001 sex selection at birth still occurs. The researcher focused on discrimination at birth in the context of gender still prevails even in the fast developing urban regions of India and the previously held view that this kind of discrimination only arises in underdeveloped nations is flawed. The researcher even figured out that rich families of India prefer birth of females as this does not cause the issue of inheritance.

Video game industry in North America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video game industry in North America - Essay Example Interactive game industry is the other term used in reference to the video game industry as it comprises of thousands of disciplines. The industry developed in the 1970s because of curiosity in which their development shifted from a focused market to a mainstreamed one (Huntemann & Aslinger, 2013). Presently, the video game industry is the most profitable component of the North American economy as it the profits generated from the sale of video game merchandise translates to billions of dollars. Ideally, the advancement in the computer or technology industry draws influence from the video gaming sector as the sector has facilitated significant improvements. For instance, the video game industry influenced the development of sound cards as video game players sought to develop the quality of sound produced but video games. Presently, modern games are a demanding lot as they require advanced applications on personal computers hence influencing the purchase of high quality equipment. The refore, this essay will delve on the video game industry in North America while focusing on the benefits and disadvantages of the same on the economy and the population. History of the Video game industry in North America Video games developed in North America contribute at least thirty percent of the games in the video game market. With this attribute, the industry that started almost forty decades ago has attracted the interest of many researchers in terms of their impact on the reality of the game players. Many researches have had their focus on the contents of the video games or the production aspects of the same. Ideally, the video game industry has a correlation with the development of the software industry in the North American continent, but the two industries took divergent paths as time progressed. However, the establishment of the video game industry is a subject that has dotted lines as it is not clear whether it started with Russell Steven with his colleagues or Baer Ra lph as they developed Magnavox Odyssey and Space wars respectively (Yost, 2005). These two individuals are just among the few that the video game industry cites as the developers of video game consoles in North America. In essence, the game console is the most significant aspect of video games as the device is needful in the running of video games. In definitive terms, the game console is a gaming device that can host numerous games that have different contents and display the contents on a television screen. For instance, the Nintendo 64 was the greatest game console to have hit the video game industry with its release in 1997. On the other hand, video game companies emerged in a period between the 1980s and the 1990s, but the game console sector remained as the principal force in the North American continent. Appendices 1: Comparison between the sales of video game consoles and PC game sales Year Console games Net sales Personal computer Game Sales 2006 231.8 Million pieces 1.2 Mi llion pieces 2007 388.4 Million pieces 5.2 Million pieces 2008 628.5 Million pieces 9.3 Million pieces 2009 602.3 Million pieces 8.8 Million pieces 2010 636 Million pieces 17.6 Million pieces The table asserts that sales in video game console are higher as compared to the sales of PC games making this aspect the object of focus for video game publishers and developers (Tremblay, 2007). Essentially, video game consoles are vital in the maintenance of the existing structures of the North American video game industry. Video game structures in North America As part of the regulations governing this industry, the acquisition of a license from the manufacturer is vital before a game development studio creates a game console. The license is an agreement

My Strengths and Weakness of each of the Domains of The Framework for Essay

My Strengths and Weakness of each of the Domains of The Framework for Teaching - Essay Example I need to do self- assessment. I need to improve the way I do teaching. The Domains of the Framework for Teaching, I realized, is the thing needed to be done in order to address our aspiration to be good teachers. Domain 1: Planning and Preparation This is the foremost thing I do when teaching. I consider this as the springboard to teaching. My strength in this area is the â€Å"knowledge of content and pedagogy.† I studied my concentration for many years. My interest is encompassing when it comes to my adored area of study. And I enjoyed teaching the content to my students. My knowledge in pedagogy complements well the teaching and learning process. All in all, this is my cup of tea. My weakness, though, is â€Å"demonstrating knowledge of students.† I find it a hard time to individually identify my students’ strengths, weaknesses and intelligences. There are instances when I sense a divide between my expectations and students’ actual capabilities. I also find it hard to customize my instruction to suit their background knowledge and readiness. To demonstrate well the knowledge of students is my desire. I realized that if only I can do it, teaching can be more exciting and rewarding. I have to have knowledge of my students’ personality. I should do efforts to recognize them more. I can do this by analyzing and discovering their backgrounds and abilities through student-centered strategies in teaching. I should exhibit care and concern to their ideas and opinions. My students and I should open up channels of communication where the students can freely ask guidance and comfort. I can start doing efforts to know my students immediately. I will regularly include this in my day-to-day life as a

Alcoholics and Liver Transplants Essay Example for Free

Alcoholics and Liver Transplants Essay Cohen and Martin do not believe that someone that has induced this disease by alcohol abuse is no less deserving of a liver transplant than someone that takes care of their self. They support the moral argument by stating, â€Å"If alcoholics should be penalized because of their moral fault, then all others who are equally at fault in causing their own medical needs should be similarly penalized†. One of the medical arguments that the authors combat is that liver transplants performed on alcoholics have a lower success rate then non-alcoholics. Statistics are presented in the text to argue this notion which really strengthens this aspect of the argument. They also state that a candidate for any other procedure would not be excluded because of the risk of success rate. This argument rises and falls based on what side you’re on. One could assume that most people waiting for a liver, who have never had a drink in their life would be very reluctant to side with this argument. However, an alcoholic or recovering alcoholic that needed a liver would more than likely be behind this passage all the way. One of the weaknesses of this argument was the comparisons that were made with other procedures. A reason why a doctor may be reluctant to transplant a liver to an alcoholic is the scarcity of the organ itself so comparing it to another organ that may be more abundant is asinine. Overall, this argument was moderately effective for the aforementioned reasons but I do not personally agree with the sentiments of the authors.

Prevalence of H. pylori Isolates and Genotypes and CagA Gene

Prevalence of H. pylori Isolates and Genotypes and CagA Gene 1. Introduction The best-known gastric Helicobacter species is Helicobacter pylori which is a slightly curved, microaerophilic Gram-negative. This microorganism has established a niche in the stomach of more than half of the world’s human population and become a dominant species of the human gastric microbiome. H. pylori colonization causes persistent inflammatory responses.H. pylori-induced gastritis is the strongest singular risk factor for cancers of the stomach however only a small proportion of infected individuals proceed to the development of malignancy. It is still unknown what factors are responsible for the different outcomes ranging from asymptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) to gastric cancer (GC). The changes in the epidemiology of these different demonstration of H. pylori infection suggest an environmental factor, an interaction between environmental factor and the host, or a change in prevalence of strains differing in virulence H. pylori has two phenotypic charact eristics among strains are the vacuolating cytotoxin (vac) and cytotoxic associated gene A (vacA) protein which encoded by the and cagA genes respectively. cagA and genes are considered as candidates for the identification of strains with enhanced virulence. For instance, gastric mucosa from patients infected with cagApositive H. pylori strains which containing a 40-kb cag pathogenicity island (which includes cagA gene) typically exhibits more severe inflammation than that of gastric mucosa infected with cagA-negative strains (Jafari et al., 2008). Despite the gene is present in most H. pylori, but the product may not be expressed in all cases. They have important attempt to described and classify distinction in the gene and to associate specific genotypes with different H. pylori-associated diseases The protein contains three distinct segments that exhibit variation within the amino-terminus. These areas of variation are broadly defined as the signal (s), intermediate (i), and midd le (m) regions. Two primary variants have been described for signal region (s1 or s2) and middle region (m1 or m2) while three variants has been reported for intermediate region (i1, i2, or i3) (Jones et al., 2010). The m region affects host cell tropism of toxins. Encoding the m1 region are toxic to a broader range of host cells compared to that of m2 region. The i region which determine the vacuolating capabilities is positioned between the s and m region and is the most recent region to be described. The i1 variants of have been shown to have stronger vacuolating activity than i2 variants (Jones et al., 2011). Atherton et al. (1995) reported three of the four possible subtypes with the exeption of s2-m1 variant. The presence of the s2-m1 variant was later reported but with very rare prevalence (0 to 3%). Despite variants have been described, but is still remains unclear whether the genotypes are useful markers for the prediction of clinical outcomes. Initial reports indicated tha t the s1 and i2 genotype would be found in close association with clinical outcomes in Western countries (Jafari et al., 2008); however the prevalence of this genotype was extremely high (almost 100%) in East Asian countries irrespective of the clinical outcomes (Jafari et al., 2008). The prevalence of H. pylori infection is about 50% of the world’s population and has been reported to be 40 to 60% in Malaysian (Goh et al., 2009). The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of H. pylori isolates in patients with a full spectrum of clinical demonstration of H. pylori infection to evaluate whether the assumed associations with genotypes and cagA gene would be applicable to patients with H. pylori infection in Malaysian populations. 2. Material and methods Isolation and culture of H. pylori Gastric biopsies were obtained from each patient by using endoscopy. Each specimen was placed in a transport medium and sent to the laboratory immediately. The specimens were then incubated onto chocolate (selective/non-selective) agar containing 10% sheep blood for 3 days at 37 ºC under microaerobic conditions (10% CO2, 5% O2, 85% N2). All H. pylori strains were positive for urease, oxidase, catalase and were identified by Gram staining under light microscopy. Colonies directly harvested from the plates were used for DNA extraction. Endoscopic findings were also recorded and based on the information patients were divided into two groups. Group I patients had duodenal or gastric ulcer (Peptic Ulcer Disease, PUD) and group II patients had Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia (NUD). Population studied A total of 209 gastric biopsies were collected from patients presenting with symptoms of gastroduodenal diseases during July 2011 to August 2012 at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Four biopsy specimens were taken from the greater curve of the antrum, body, cardia and Esophagous, one was used for histological examination and one for H. pylori culture. Genomic DNA extraction Bacteria from both the 10 single colonies and the sweeps were resuspended in 1.2 ml Elution buffer (EB). Bacterial pellets were obtained by centrifugation at 5,233 Ãâ€"gfor 5 min, and genomic DNA was extracted by using a Qiagen kit. The amount of DNA was calculated by spectrophotometry. Detection of H. pylori and genotyping of 16sRNA, cag A, E, L and vac genes and EPIYA motifs by PCR In this study PCR was used to detect the H. pylori specific 16sRNA gene for confirmation of H. pylori isolates, the virulence-associated vacA mosaic structure and the presence of cag A, E, L genes. All primer sets were selected from the published literatures (Table 1). The PCR was carried out in a volume of 25  µl including100 ng of genomic DNA, 20 pmol of each of primers (Table 1), 5  µl of i-PCR 5X Master Mix (iDNA, Singapore) which contain 0.1 unit/ µl 5  µl of i-PCR 5X Master Mix (iDNA, Singapore) which contain 0.1 unit/ µl of Taq DNA Polymerase, 1 mM of dNTP’s, 10% of glycerol and 7.5 mM of MgCl2. Negative control tubes included all materials except template DNA. The sequences of the primers are listed in Table 1. PCR products were checked on 2.0% agarose gels with 100 bp ladder size markers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the EPIYA motifs was performed in separate reactions according to the method described by Argent et al. (Mitchell et al., 2009). using the common forward primer cag2 with one of three reverse primers, cagAP1C, cagAP2TA, and cagAP3E, for the amplià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation of EPIYA-A, -B, and -C and -D, respectively. Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers used for cagA/E and L, vacA alleles and EPIYA motifs

Importance of Motivation to Learn

Importance of Motivation to Learn Area of Study: Training Development Motivation to Learn Affects the Relationship between Management’s Role in Training Programs and Job Performance Chapter 1 Introduction Introduction Background of the study (management’s role in training programs based on literature) (discuss training program eg def, traditional, contemporary, significance) (3 pages) The term management is defined as a group of people such as executives and other managers who are primarily responsible for making decisions in the organization. In a non-profit term, management might refer to all or any of the activities of the board, executive director and/ or program directors. Another common traditional view of management is getting things done through other people. Apart from the traditional view, the role of management is to support the employee’s performance and productivity through training and development. In the contemporary view, human resource practitioners suggests that management needs to focus more on leadership skills such as establishing vision and goals, communicating the vision and goals, and guiding others to accomplish them. They also assert that leadership must be more facilitative, participative and empower in how visions and goals are established and carried out (McNamara, 2007). According to the Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles theory, management roles in the organization include interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. Management role as a leader responsible for the motivation of subordinates and provide training to the employees (Coulter and Robbins, 2005). Traditional autocratic organization with its hierarchical management systems that forces performance out of its employees is outmoded. The modern management encourages the practice of empowerment by letting workers make decisions and inspiring people to boost productivity (Allen, 1998). Nowadays, employee’s performance and productivity are enhanced through motivation and intensive training program. Effective training is a crucial developmental opportunities in attracting and promoting commitment among talented employees (Noe, 2003, cited in Buyens Wouters, 2004). Training programs is defined as a planned learning event in a systematic fashion that focuses on the work environment. From this point of view, the training process can be defined as the systematic acquisition of skills, rules, concepts, or attitudes that result in improved performance in the work environment. There has been a considerable research into the effectiveness of training (Baldwin Ford, 1988). A study conducted by Guerrero and Barraud-Didier (2004) found a significant link between training and organizational performance. (cited in Tzafrir, 2006). There has been a major revolution in the world of training and development starting in the 1980s. Traditional vocational training is no longer effective and it is replaced by competence-based training. The concept of competence includes the element of observable knowledge, skills and understanding to ensure effective performance (Brookes, 1995). When it comes to training, managers play a critical role before and after an employee sign up for a training course (Gittlen, 2001). Several researchers (e. g. Tsui, Pearce, Porter, and Tripoli , 1997) found training was associated with higher levels of employee affective commitment. Managers’ level of involvement in reviewing the training coursework could make a huge difference for the company’s return on its training investment and training transfer. The manager’s role in training includes proactively identifying the strengths and weaknesses of employees, identify suitable training program, design suitable training coursework, develop training benchmarks and evaluate and communicate the outcome of training to the upper management and subordinates (Gittlen, 2001). Managers need to be personally involved in the training of their employees, since the nature and quality of the training directly relates to their effectiveness on the job. Research has been revealed the importance of environmental factor such as management’s role when predicting individual attitudes and behaviours. Supportive management’s roles in training program may contribute to the positive individual attitudes and boost work performance. Employees are left without support, encouragement and motivation when the management is not involved in the training program. This is the problem that most of the organization faces today. Without management support, the training often fails to transfer to improve the trainee’s attitudes and performance (Coates, 2007). Although management plays a significant role in training, the effectiveness of training is estimated to be low because there is little application of training results in actual work practices (Broad Newstrom, 1992; Baldwin Ford, 1988). Further understanding of the relationships between managerial communication and employee’s attitudes and behaviours would be extremely valuable for organizations (Wilkins, 1989). Roberts and O’Reilly (1979, p. 42) propose the need for specificity in investigating communication in organizations by stating that â€Å"theories relevant to communication in organizations cannot be developed until facets of organizational communication are specified and some of their correlates identified†. (as cited in Goris, 2007). In Australia many companies are currently addressing the issue of reward and recognition for employees as part of quality and continuous improvement programs, but there remain no general guidelines or descriptions of such programmes which are readily available (London and Higgot, 1997). Informal rewards such as non-monetary recognition is increasing today as an employee’s motivators. Informal rewards are given less research attention in the management literature and practice (Nelson, 2002). Traditional rewards such as compensation and promotion are becoming less effective to motivate employees to achieve high performance and commitment (Nelson, 2002). As Drucker points out: â€Å"Economic incentives are becoming rights rather than rewards†. Merit raises are usually introduced as rewards for good performance and in no time it will become a right rather than rewards. Merit raises are always introduced as rewards for exceptional performance. In no time at all they become a right. To deny a merit raise or to grant only a small one becomes punishment. The increasing demand for material rewards is rapidly destroying their usefulness as incentives and managerial tools†. Thus, this situation might destroy employees’ learning motivation and transfer of training. Motivation to learn is also one the critical determinant in the training effectiveness (Mathieu et al., 1993; Mathieu and Martineau, 1997; Tannenbaum and Yukl, 1992, as cited in Tsai Tai, 2003). Some past studies suggested motivation to learn played a more determinant role than other individual factors in regard to training performance (Tai, 2006; Cheng Ho, 2001). Post training motivation is also linked to the employee’s behavioural change (Noe, 1986, cited in Shoobridge, n. a.). Noe (1986) assumed that motivation affects trainee’s enthusiasm for training (energising), the direction of participants to learn and master training (directing), and the use of knowledge and skills on the job (maintenance) (cited in Nijman et al., 2006). Goldstein and Ford (2002) propose that trainee factors like readiness and motivation to learn along with work characteristics such as opportunity to practice, organizational climate and supervisor support should be investigated in developing effective training program (as cited in Shoobridge, n. a). Those points emphasize the need for additional research about the role of motivation to learn in the relationship between management’s role and individual attitudes and behaviours. Further research should be conducted to identify and remove the major impediments that prevent the effectiveness of training program. The importance of this study is to elaborate and integrate some of the key factors that can influence the effectiveness of training transfer. This study is also intended to extend previous researches that linked management’s role and individual attitudes and performance. Background of management’s role in training programs in the studied organisation The past 10 years have witnessed the increasing of research literature in the field of training and development. The training literature is characterised by a multidisciplinary (organisational psychology, business and management literatures) approach to training design, practice, research and evaluation (Shoobridge, n.a.). Most of past researches highlight the significant developments in training methodology, evaluation, theory (Salas and Canon-Bowers, 2001) and focused solely on the training instructional methods (Noe, 1986) (cited in Shoobridge, n. a.). Early empirical research studying the effects of individual’s factors (eg trainee ability, personality, and motivation) and work environment on transfer of training is very few (Baldwin and Ford, 1988). Further, past researches focus in defining training program and what it is designed to achieve (Salas, 2001) instead of focusing on the influences of work environment. In the past, training is perceived as an independent event (Salas and Canon-Bowers, 2001; Goldstein, 2002, cited in Shoobridge, n. a.). Traditional training focused on the trainer (Berge et al., 2002). Trainers are expected to demonstrate the link between training and organizational outcomes (Church Waclawski, 2001; Hesketh, 1999), to evaluate training (Warr, Allan Birdi, 1999), and to justify organizational investment in training programs (Baldwin Ford, 1988; Salas Canon-Bowers, 2001; Warr et al, 1999, cited in Shoobridge, n. a.). Gill (1995) analyzed traditional program-driven training and found the role of the training department is to conduct the need analysis and set the goals which are defined as learning outcomes. Recent studies (direct effects model) The fall of the Berlin wall and the opening of the communist bloc to Western capitalism increased the pace of globalization (Berge et al., 2002). Training and development reacted to the reality of globalization with an increased use of system approaches (McLagan, 1996). In recent years, training is perceived as having a strategic focus, as an event that occurs within organizational framework, custom designed to overcome employee’s deficiencies and to meet organizational outcomes (Salas, 2001; Goldstein, 2002). Line managers have the responsibility to conduct needs analysis. The goals of the training programs are defined as business results, are based on performance, and are linked to strategic goals. Organization realized that well-designed training instruction is no longer guarantee performance. Training instruction is just one of many solutions to performance improvement (Berge et al., 2002). Recently, more research has been done to explain individual, attitudinal, and environmental impacts on the transfer process and outcomes where some of them have shown high value relatively (Cheng Ho, 2001). Recent studies also have focused to concerns over the â€Å"transfer of training problem† (Salas, 2001). Researchers have investigated various factors that might influence transfer of knowledge, skills and attitudes. Several researchers proposed both individual and organizational contextual factors as antecedents of learning and transfer of learning (Baldwin Ford, 1988; Colquitt et al., 2000; Mathieu Martineau, 1997). Empirical studies supported the relationship between management roles (e. g. support, communication, training assignment) and transfer of training (e. g job performance). For example, in two early studies made by Rouiller Goldstein (1993) and Tracey et al. (1995), they found that management trainees in supportive workplace were more likely to demonstrate trained behaviours compared to trainees in non-supportive workplace. A thorough review of training prog literature – mediating model State the nature of the problem that motivates you to further explore Consistent with Noe’s (1986) observation, previous research on transfer of training has focused primarily on issues concerning training design. Most of the research is done specifically the appropriateness of various instructional methods. The issues of environmental characteristics such as the transfer climate (managerial support, managerial communication, and managerial rewards) have received less research attention. Despite recognition of the importance of environmental factors, empirical research examining the impact of these factors is very limited (Baldwin Ford, 1988). Thus, the lack of research on work environment motivates the researcher to conduct this line of research. Furthermore, Ripley stressed â€Å"A review of eleven best-selling introductory HRM textbooks from Australia, New Zealand, and the United States indicates that, generally, there is a heavy focus on individual factors and a lack of significant emphasis on the importance of work environment factors in effective training† (Ripley (n. d.), â€Å"Introduction† section, para. 1). The work environment characteristic such as the role of management in training is less emphasized. Work environment impacts individual behaviours in training transfer. Moreover, human resource practitioner and training designer have given less attention to the impact of work environment in training design and implementation. As Ripley (n. d.) states â€Å"Impact of work environment factors is generally not taken into account in discussions of how training programs should be designed and implemented† (Ripley (n. d.), â€Å"Abstract† section, para. 1). It means the issue of work environment characteristics is neglected. He suggested that work environment issues should be taken into account when designing and implementing training program. Thus, this issue motivates the researcher to conduct a research base on work environment factors. In addition, most organization suffers from â€Å"training transfer problem†. Trainees have high motivation to learn following the training. However, the motivation fades away as they return to the workplace. Knowledge, skills and attitudes that they had learned from a training program could not be reinforce in the job. As Allan (2003) states â€Å"My experience with surveys that I have conducted is that the initial enthusiasm quickly wanes once the trainees return to the reality of their workplace† (â€Å"Introduction† section, para. 7). In Australia, companies spend up to five billion dollars in training and development but only 20 percent of expenditure actually giving benefits to the companies (Allan, 2003). While in the United States, it is estimated that organizations spend up to USD 100 billion on training and development annually. However, not more than 10 per cent of the spending results in transfer to the job (Baldwin Ford, 1988). The findings suggest that training transfer problem is a global issue that should be addressed. Noe (1986) suggested that motivation to learn and attitudes are malleable individual difference factors that play a critical role in achieving training effectiveness. Although there is an existence of preliminary support for the relationship between contextual factors and learning outcome (Tracey et al., 1995) and between work environment and training motivation (Tracey et al., 2001), researchers suggests further exploration of the role of motivation in the relationship between contextual or environment factors and various training outcomes. Tracey et al. (2001, pp. 20-21) state: â€Å"Future research should examine the impact of training motivation on other types and levels of effectiveness criteria.† Thus, this research is not only replicate previous studies but also responds to the calls from other researchers to further explore the roles of motivation to learn in the relationship between work environment (management’s role) and employee’s attitudes and performance. Objective of the study 1.4.1 General Objective The general objective of this research is to examine the effect of motivation to learn in the relationship between management’s roles and individual attitudes and behaviours. 1.4.2 Specific Objectives To determine the effect of motivation to learn in the relationship between managerial support and individual job performance To determine the effect of motivation to learn in the relationship between managerial communication and job performance To determine the effect of motivation to learn in the relationship between managerial recognition and job performance Research framework Provide theoretical evidence before drawing a conceptual schema (3 pages) Managerial Support/recognition Job Performance Motivation to Learn/transfer Managerial Communication Assignment method Research hypothesis Provide empirical evidence to support each hypothesis (at least 1 case study/survey for 1 hypothesis) H1: Motivation to learn affects the relationship between managerial support and job performance H2: Motivation to learn affects the relationship between managerial communication and job performance H3: Motivation to learn affects the relationship between managerial recognition and job performance Definitions of term Conceptual definitions of term – language/organisation/hr perspective 1.7.1 Managerial support Conceptual Definition The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines â€Å"support† as â€Å"help or encouragement given to somebody or something especially in a difficult situation†. In human resource perspective, managerial support is defined as immediate supervisor provides and facilitates the transfer of employee’s knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is the extent to which supervisors behave in a way that is optimises employees’ use on the job of the knowledge, skills and attitudes gained in training (Nijman, 2004). Managerial support can be in a form of verbal and non verbal cues. Verbal and non verbal cues include encouragement to attend, goal-setting activities, reinforcement activities, and modelling of behaviours (Baumgartel, Reynolds Pathan 1984; Huczynski Lewis, 1980; Maddox, 1987). Operational Definition In this study, managerial support is defined as immediate supervisor gives encouragement to the subordinates to attend training program, goal-setting activities prior and after training program, reinforcement activities to encourage trainees apply newly acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes from training to the actual workplace, and modelling of behaviours as a non verbal cues to encourage trainees to apply knowledge, skills and attitudes. 1.7.2 Managerial communication Conceptual Definition The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines â€Å"communication† as an act â€Å"to make one’s ideas, feelings clear to others; to exchange information, news, ideas, etc with somebody†. Communication is both an observable and a changeable supervisory behaviour (Wilkins, 1989). In organization context, Katz and Kahn (1978) provide a comprehensive categorization of the types of communication which take place from supervisor to subordinate. The five types of communication are job instruction, job rationale, procedures and practices, feedback, and indoctrination of goals. The relationship between supervisory communication and subordinate performance and satisfaction among professionals.doc Operational Definition In this study, managerial communication is defined as immediate supervisor communicate the information about the specific training program to subordinates, discussion of what is expected to be learn in the training program, and provides constructive performance feedback to the trainees. 1.7.3 Managerial Recognition Conceptual Definition The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines â€Å"informal† as â€Å"not official or not following established procedures†. The word â€Å"recognition† is defined as the act â€Å"to show official appreciation for somebody’s ability or achievements, for example by giving them an award†. Thus, informal recognition means to show appreciation to somebody through unofficial procedures. In organization, recognition is used to show the company appreciates employees’ efforts, their unique gifts and contributions (Gentry, 2007). Tracey describes recognition as â€Å"intangible, non-monetary acknowledgement of outstanding performance in the form of praise, accolades, commendations, appreciations and tributes. It may be formal or informal†. (Gentry, 2007). Operational Definition In this study, managerial recognition refers to manager provides an informal recognition when the trainees are able to practice the newly acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes to the workplace. Informal recognition program by the manager is communicated to all employees before, during and after the training program to motivate the employees. Recognition are such as the manager congratulates subordinate who are able to do a good job, manager writes a personal notes for good performance, manager publicly recognizes employees for good performance, and manager hold a morale-building meeting to celebrate successes. Motivation to Learn Conceptual Definition The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines â€Å"motivation† as â€Å"the interest of somebody† or to cause somebody to want to do something. â€Å"Learn† means â€Å"to gain knowledge or skill by study, experience or being taught†. Motivation is typically defined as â€Å"variability in behaviour not attributable to stable individual differences or strong situational coercion† (QuinËÅ"ones, 1997, pp. 182-3). Therefore, it is likely that trainees cannot obtain the full benefits of training without considering training motivation (Tai, 2006). Motivation to learn also influences the willingness of an employee to attend the training (Maurer and Tarulli, 1994; Noe and Wilk, 1993) and affects a trainee’s decision to exert energy toward the training program (Ryman and Biersner, 1975). Operational Definition Motivation to learn is defined as a trainee has a desire and willingness to learn the content of the training program. An employee with high motivation to learn is likely to be able to learn the content of the training program and transfer the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to the workplace. Motivation to Transfer Motivation to transfer can be seen as the trainee’s desire to use what she or he has learned on returning to work. Short and long term training transfer.pdf Job performance Conceptual Definition The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines â€Å"job† as â€Å"a particular piece of work or task†. â€Å"Performance† is â€Å"an action or achievement, considered in relation to how successful it is†. Therefore, job performance is an achievement in the context of profession. In organizational context, job performance is associated with transfer of training. Trainees’ who are able to apply the content of the training to the workplace is likely to perform well. Operational Definition Job performance in this study means the training outcome and the ability of the trainee to apply newly acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes upon returning to the workplace. Significance of the study Significant to theory/body of knowledge Another significance of the study is to provide a better understanding of the factors which would affect the transfer of training. This study could enhance our understanding of the problems underlying the transfer of training. A better understanding about the influence of motivation to learn and management’s role on individual behaviours could lead to improvement and enhancement in training program. Thus, it could promote transfer of training that leads to improvement in job performance. Further, this study could support the relevant theories that support the relationship between management’s role, motivation to learn and individual behaviours. Besides that, the empirical findings of this study could support the previous researches. In fact, most of the theories and researches were developed and made in the context of western countries. More research should be made locally to determine whether or not the theories and findings can be applied in the context of our country. Significant to research methodology Additionally, this study has a significant impact to the research methodology. Empirical findings from literature review, survey questionnaires and in-depth interview could increase the validity and reliability of the study. With increased validity and reliability, errors can be minimized in the data collection procedure. This study could serve as a guideline for future researchers that try to extend in this line of research. Significant to practitioners This study also could assist organizations in designing the appropriate management’s role to maximizing the effectiveness of training transfer. The outcome of the study may serve as guidelines to human resource practitioners to develop a work environment that could motivate workers to improve their attitudes and performance. This study also aims to provide empirical evidence to all human resource practitioners about the effects of motivation to learn in the relationship between management’s role and employee’s attitudes. Besides, this study would ensure the human resource practitioner, training designer, as well as co-worker to realize the importance of management’s role in contributing to the effectiveness of training. The trainer and designer of the training program can improve and identify the weaknesses of the present and future training program with the better understanding of management’s role factors that influence the transfer of training. Research methodology procedure 1.10 References (APA/Havard Style) Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.0 Introduction Chapter 2 covers the literature review about the relevant theories and some of the past empirical researches that have been done on this research line. These theories and past researches will be used to explain about the relationship of the managerial roles, motivation to learn and job performance. 2.1 Conceptual Framework Support (morale and material) Job Performance Communication Feedback/discussion Training Motivation Job Commitment Training Assignment (Mandatory/ Voluntary) Mentoring (formal/informal)(individual/group) Commitment/satisfaction/ethics 2.2 Training Program Defined Early definition of training program is a planned learning experience which is designed to improve an individual’s knowledge, skills and behaviours (Campbell et al., 1970). In later years, training program is defined as a planned effort made by organization to facilitate an employee’s learning of specific knowledge, skills and attitudes to be successful in their job (Goldstein, 1992). Potential factor affect training.pdf 2.3 Role of Training Program Purpose, approaches, significance impact on org and employees A strategic approach to training†¦..training program measurement.pdf Purpose of Training Program The purpose of a training program in organizations is to facilitate employees to learn, grow and cope with the issues that are important to them. Training program also help employees to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes to improve job performance and organization’s effectiveness (Tai, 2006; Treven, 2003; Ibrahim Mamat, 2001). Training involves the changing of employees’ interaction with their co-workers and supervisors (Treven, 2003). Most of training program in organization is developed and provided by trainers, managers, and in-house training consultants. It can also be outsourced to external training providers (Ibrahim Mamat, 2001). Green (1999) argue the main purpose of training is to foster the organization’s common culture, enhance employees’ commitment and attract good quality workers instead of just simply improving employees’ skills. Potential factor affect training.pdf. Training system should be in line with ongoing organizational process while training programs should be in in line with organizational strategic goals (Chen et al., 2007). Potential factor affect training.pdf. Training Delivery Methods Training is delivered in various methods depending on needs analysis. Managers will choose a method based on training objective (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002; Ibrahim, 1993). It is important to consider employees’ current level of expertise before managers choose a training method (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Training methods can be classified into three broad categories such as on-the-job training, classroom training (Robbins Coulter, 2005; Treven, 2003; Ibrahim Mamat, 2001) and self-paced training (DeSimone et al., 2002). On-the-job training (OJT) is the most common training conducted in the workplace (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Trainees are required to perform the task right after a brief introduction to the task (Robbins Coulter, 2005). OJT have advantages than classroom training because trainees have the opportunity to practice work task (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Moreover, OJT reduces cost because organization doesn’t have to provide training equipment or trainer (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002) and OJT have the ability of integrating job cycle method (Ibrahim Mamat, 2001). Job rotation is defined as a formal and planned training program which allocates employees to perform various jobs in different departments. Trainees are usually supervised by the department supervisor. Job rotation is usually implemented to train employees about the different functional areas, career objectives and interests, (Treven, 2003) International training:training of managers for asgnment abroad.pdf. and getting exposure to variety of tasks (Coulter Robbins, 2005). Job rotation requires trainees to learn more by observing and practicing new skills rather than receiving instruction (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Coaching is defined as informal and unplanned training and development activities provided by supervisors and peers (Harris, 1997). International training:training of managers for asgnment abroad.pdf. Trainees are working together with senior and experienced workers who provide information and support (Coulter Robbins,†¦.). Coaching should be viewed as supplement rather than substitute to formal training program (Treven, 2003) International training:training of managers for asgnment abroad.pdf. Classroom training method is defined as â€Å"those conducted outside of normal work-setting† (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Lecture method is the most common classroom training technique. In lecture, an expert in particular subject matter will convey information to the large audience. (DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002). Lecture is aims to provide understanding to trainees rather than to upgrade skills or change attitudes (Ibrahim Mamat, 2001). Burke and Day (1986) suggest lecture training resulted in positive learning either conducted alone or combination with other methods. Earley (1987) found role playing and lecture methods are equally effective to develop skills among trainees. (as cited in DeSimone, Werner Harris, 2002 ) Experimental methods consist of role play, case studies, and business games and simulations. The most popular experimental training method is role play. A case study is a training method that aims to

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers

SUMMARY: Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is the story of the resulting conflicts from the assassination of perpetual dictator and Roman emperor, Julius Caesar. A great friend of Caesar, Mark Antony, comes to the senate to see the dead body of their dictator. He pretends to not be angry at those who took part in the assassination, and asks to speak at his funeral, a request which he is granted. However, after the men leave, he begins a soliloquy in which he suggests that Caesar's spirit will take revenge upon his murderers and invoke a war involving the entire country. Antony begins the revenge of his death by speaking at the funeral about the wrong done to Caesar, the man's generosity to the people, and how Brutus tried to persuade them to believe his justification of the murder. The crowd turns to agreement with Antony and then accuse the conspirators of murder. The accused men flee, eventually leaving the bounds of the city, and the citizens leave to loot and burn the houses of the guilty men. The armies of Brutus and Cassius set up camps near another city and knowing that Antony's soldiers are coming, they decide to march toward the enemy at once. The fighting begins with the confrontation of the two sides, as Cassius' and Brutus' armies arrive. Antony and his partner challenge the assassins to fight, and the bloody battle begins. The armies of the conspirators fall into vulnerability many times, and their side does poorly, losing many men. Cassius hears mistakenly that one...

The History of Anesthesia :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The History of Anesthesia It is the last football game of the season and the running back suddenly breaks his leg. As John is rushed to the hospital, he thinks of how much pain he is in and how much pain he is going to be in for the next several hours. What John does not know is how much pain he would be in if the medic wouldn't have shot some type of anesthesia into his broken leg. John also doesn't realize that when his grandfather played football, there wasn't any anesthesia and the pain was excruciating. Anesthesiology is the process in which medical doctors or dentists use drugs to relieve pain in their patients. Anesthesiologists' job is to see that enough medication is given to the patient to make sure he does not feel the pain. These doctors are responsible for make certain that the patient keeps all vital functions. The anesthesiologists are responsible for giving their patients not only the anesthesia, but also any other prescriptions that they might be taking at the time. At the end of the surgery, anesthesiologists undo the procedure. The first pain medication explored was "sweet vitriol" or ether. Raymundus Lullius, a Spanish chemist, experimented with ether in 1275. Dr. Crawford Williams Long first used ether in medical procedures as an anesthesia on March 30, 1842. Dr. Long extracted a tumor from the neck of one of his patients. Dr. Morton found Dr. Crawford's experiments interesting and started performing his own experiments at his home in Massachusetts on small animals and himself. Controlling how the drug was given was up to Joseph M. Wightman and Nathan B. Chamberlain. They developed the vaporization process. The safe use of anesthesia came to use in 1846 when Dr. Morton used general anesthesia to put Edward Gilbert Abbott's body under a numbing stage to remove a growth on his neck. After a few more procedures, Morton began to advertise his discovery. He then patented his use of ether and called it Letheon. In the beginning, Morton refused to disclose the chemical makeup of his new discovery and this worried many of the doctors in the area. Before Morton was recognized he died from a stroke (Evans). Morton only knew of one type of anesthesia and that was to put the whole body under a state of numbness and also the case was in WWII. The History of Anesthesia :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers The History of Anesthesia It is the last football game of the season and the running back suddenly breaks his leg. As John is rushed to the hospital, he thinks of how much pain he is in and how much pain he is going to be in for the next several hours. What John does not know is how much pain he would be in if the medic wouldn't have shot some type of anesthesia into his broken leg. John also doesn't realize that when his grandfather played football, there wasn't any anesthesia and the pain was excruciating. Anesthesiology is the process in which medical doctors or dentists use drugs to relieve pain in their patients. Anesthesiologists' job is to see that enough medication is given to the patient to make sure he does not feel the pain. These doctors are responsible for make certain that the patient keeps all vital functions. The anesthesiologists are responsible for giving their patients not only the anesthesia, but also any other prescriptions that they might be taking at the time. At the end of the surgery, anesthesiologists undo the procedure. The first pain medication explored was "sweet vitriol" or ether. Raymundus Lullius, a Spanish chemist, experimented with ether in 1275. Dr. Crawford Williams Long first used ether in medical procedures as an anesthesia on March 30, 1842. Dr. Long extracted a tumor from the neck of one of his patients. Dr. Morton found Dr. Crawford's experiments interesting and started performing his own experiments at his home in Massachusetts on small animals and himself. Controlling how the drug was given was up to Joseph M. Wightman and Nathan B. Chamberlain. They developed the vaporization process. The safe use of anesthesia came to use in 1846 when Dr. Morton used general anesthesia to put Edward Gilbert Abbott's body under a numbing stage to remove a growth on his neck. After a few more procedures, Morton began to advertise his discovery. He then patented his use of ether and called it Letheon. In the beginning, Morton refused to disclose the chemical makeup of his new discovery and this worried many of the doctors in the area. Before Morton was recognized he died from a stroke (Evans). Morton only knew of one type of anesthesia and that was to put the whole body under a state of numbness and also the case was in WWII.

Comparison and contrast on the narrative point of view in metamorphosis and chronicles of a death foretold Essay

In metamorphosis Franz Kafka uses a narrative point of view called third person omniscient, where it is mostly limited since only his thoughts and feelings are presented, however on the other hand in the chronicles of a death foretold Garcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rquez relates the plot of a murder about which everyone knows before it happens through the use of a narrator who tells the story in the first person, as a witness to the events that have occurred 27 years earlier, Yet the narrator is recounting the tale years later from an omniscient point of view, sharing all of the characters’ thoughts. I intend to compare and contrast both narrative point of views in both metamorphosis and chronicle of a death foretold, through affirming the techniques that are used to clarify this point of view such as diction, the use of black comedy, the use of irony etc. One of the properties of first person narration is that the narrator may be a character who tells the story as he/she sees it. The fact that a first person narrator tells the story from his/her point of view, in most cases tends to make the narrator unreliable and therefore unbelievable or doubtful for example in the chronicles of a death foretold the narrator states that Santiago Nasar is innocent this shows that the narrator is biased and unreliable. A first-person narrator gives his own point of view but does not know what other characters are thinking this is an ability usually reserved for the third-person omniscient point of view like in metamorphosis. The third-person omniscient point of view can enter the consciousness of any character therefore making him credible and more reliable than a first person narrator. In Kafka’s metamorphosis we sometimes see things through Gregor’s eyes, but more typically we see him omnisciently from the outside (from other characters like his father, his mother or his sister) this occurs on page 126 at the beginning of chapter three, this effect causes the reader to feel sympathy for Gregor. This dual effect is extremely powerful in making the reader believe what they read since it is not only one person’s opinion however it is many that say the same things. Limited omniscient narrators are usually unbiased or neutral (which means that they don’t favour any particular characters). The narrative point of view seems to present a picture of Gregor and the world as he understands it, both before and after his metamorphosis. This does not necessarily mean that all of Gregor’s judgements are to be accepted in fact it is quite on the contrary, Kafka uses irony and black comedy to indicate that Gregor is at times misled, for instance in thinking he can still go to the office even after becoming an insect and, more sadly, in thinking his family is putting his interests first. Since the narrator is omniscient we are given the attitudes and tones of other characters in the book, for example when Gregor’s father first sees Gregor he gets angry thinking that he had lost the only means of providing for his family (page 106) . When we read this we have no doubt that Gregor’s father Mr. Samsa is angry this is called credibility. The third person omniscient narrator also helps us in getting a clear picture of the surroundings through description. An example of this can be found at the bottom of page 105 the description of the stains on the white doors helps to give the reader a mental picture of the surroundings. Another example of this can be found on pages 119-120 when Gregor’s room is described as â€Å"cosy† and â€Å"comfortably furnished with old heirlooms†. Another example of the third person narrator’s description of the surroundings is when the narrator describes the view from Gregor’s window as being â€Å"melancholy† and quite depressing (through the mention of raindrops and the weather) on page 87. These descriptions all help the reader in understanding Gregor’s pain, suffering and helplessness towards the situation. One of the most outstanding features of Chronicle of a Death Foretold is the point of view Garcia Marquez uses to tell the story. Narrating the story from the first-person point of view is the unnamed son of Luisa Santiago, having returned to the river village after being gone for twenty-seven years, the narrator tries to reconstruct the events of the day that ends in the murder of Santiago Nasar. In this novel, however, Garcia Marquez makes the narrator telling the story credible towards the end to give the effect of confusion. The reader is confused about whether the narrator is reliable or not. Even though the narrator isn’t the main character in the text he plays and important roll in the novel as well as in the investigation. The fact that he cannot enter other characters consciousness also complements the fact that first person narrators are unreliable and unbelievable. We do not learn what the other characters are thinking or feeling unless they show us by their words or actions. First person narration can be unreliable due to the limited knowledge and/or understanding of events that have occurred. The author may use this unreliability to give questionable moral values or to make the character or reader biased about the people and events that are described. The difference between objectivity and subjectivity is the difference between fact and opinion, An objective piece of information, therefore, needs to be the whole truth or at least to be unbiased, whereas a subjective point of view is biased because it is either not the complete picture or it is merely a perspective or an expression of feelings. Depending on whether the narrator is objective or subjective we can judge whether the narrator is reliable or not. If the narrator in chronicles of a death foretold was omniscient he could have given a reliable account of the events that took place after the murder, however since he is biased, he blurs the edges and makes the diseases that the people of the town obtained seem as if they were being punished for not stopping the Vicario brothers. However, scientifically the diseases had nothing to do with guilt. The narrator in chronicles of a death foretold also creates confusion through giving details that aren’t connected to the murder as well as different versions of the chronological events. For example in the beginning of the text the narrator gives accounts of the weather on the day of the murder and showed that each character gave different versions of the weather according to how each of the characters were associated with Santiago Nasar (page 17), the narrator also gives details that aren’t linked to the murder such as the details given about the wedding (lavish, expensive etc.). The techniques used to clarify the narrative point of view include the use of irony, black comedy, magic realism, diction and sentence structure. For example in metamorphosis when Gregor attempts to get out of bed, Kafka uses black comedy to give the effect that any topics or events that are regarded as serious or depressing are treated with humor. Another technique of clarifying narrative point of view used by Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rquez is the use of quotations persistently throughout the text. The word â€Å"liberating† on page 107 in metamorphosis, as well as the line â€Å"Gregor waited in vain† reflect Gregor’s inner thoughts as the omniscient narrator reveals them, this suggests that the narrator is objective and that the narrator is omniscient. In metamorphosis the point of view shifts as the corpse of Gregor Samsa is discovered, this shift in the point of view convinces the reader that the Samsa’s had been relieved from an enormous burden. The removal of the â€Å"burden† off the Samsa family helps them in planning for the future as if Gregor never existed. This gives the reader the impression that the Samsa’s are cruel and wicked and it also creates a feeling of pity for Gregor. In conclusion I strongly believe that point of view is very important in Chronicles of a death foretold as well as in metamorphosis. I believe that both writers were successful in their choices of narrative point of view. If I was to describe the narrative point of view in chronicles of a death foretold in one word then it is â€Å"fatalistic†, however if I was to describe the narrative point of view in metamorphosis in one word it would be â€Å"accommodative†.

Second Language Required Police Departments

warrant quarrel Required Melanie Martinez Current Issues in Criminal Justice Everest University Online Second Language Required The United States of America is wide of many cultures, expressions, and heritage. With many citizens ancestors originating from other countries, it is no wonder that almost every linguistic communication has made it into America. Law enforcement can be delayed by these languages, though. Officers can proceeds from being bilingual, but that is non the public for most departments.With Spanish being the second, or even first, language of most citizens, it is meaty for constabulary enforcement to date this language, or some other popular sensation. It can assistance stave off confusion from a suspect not responding or prevent an unnecessary death. When an officeholder can speak much than one language it may help spell lives. If a patrol car pulled up to a house where an unanswered 911 previse was made, they may be incloseing a dangerous area. If it was a meth research lab that was about to blow up, and the person foreign unless spoke Spanish, they could unknowingly enter the home and it explode with them in it.That is a situation that could be prevented with taking the date to realize another language. Even though getting every officer to learn another language would benefit the encumbrance of law enforcement, the reality of the situation is saddening. With officers becomeing(a) long hours and in a disagreeable job, it does not allow much season for officers to learn a new language (Hickey, 2012). Along with tight budgets of police departments, it does not allow the officers to learn it at lock either.The reality of the situation is that officers just do not have the time to learn another language. It would also make officers work even longer resulting in more overtime and it would complicate staffing when learning it on the job. Learning another language is practiced to the officer and the police department in every city. It would avoid complications and confusion in any given situation (Khashu, Rahman, & group A Shah, 2007). It also is not really a reality with the hours officers and the stress deal with on a daily basis.Time management is the only way to get it done with the help of the department, officers, and the budget. It is all a matter of time. write List Khashu, A. , Rahman, I. , & Shah, S. (2007). Overcoming language barriers solutions for law enforcement. Vera Institute of Justice. U. S. Department of Justice. Page 4. Retrieved from http//www. cops. usdoj. gov/Publications/vera_translating_justice_final. pdf Hickey. (2012). taking sides clashing views in crime and criminology, tenth ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Hector and Helen Essay

The characters in homers Iliad lead from time to time afforded a root class battleground for scholars and students alike. Through par in completelyels, business lines, and retort positioning of characters and actions, the principle characters have been study and objectified as personifications of certain ideals permeating the Greek society. Helen, like Klytaimestra, Pandora, Medea and Phaedra has been portrayed as the exemplar of the pistillates sub-ordination to the irrational particularly sex (Thorton. 84). In her, the destructive specter of a principal dominated by passion and dogmatic pleasure endangers men the withstanders of the ideals of the polis.Here, the threat present by Helen is cardinal pronged, that is the irresistible temptingness of her beauty and the discernment confusing ack-ack of internal lust she ignites on the different hand, the violation of her marri eon to Menelaus by Alexandros precipitates a war which degenerates into a tragic passage of arms for pay back and glory. In this essay, the relationship amid Helen and ballyrag depart be canvass with reference the themes outlined above. In the Iliad, browbeat is the bulwark of Trojan defense. He is the alone(prenominal) social occasion which stands amid the Achaians and victory.Besides Achilles, all the other warriors doubt if they can give away him (Il. 15. 639-63. 7 Il. 10. 47-52 Il. 7. 112-114). But bullys tragedy is that he is destroyed rubbish a war he does non believe in. When he harangues Alexandros for scampering away from Menelaus (Il. 3. 35-55), he not only reveals his disaffection with genus genus Paris quarrel, exactly betrays the fact that to him, the war is well-nigh repay and duty the Achaians maybe rightly-grieved, only its his lot to uphold his honor by defending the city (Il. 3. 43-45 Il. 3. 56. 57 Il. 6. 265-280).Equally telling atomic number 18 the reverberating epithets he employs to describe Alexandros Evil Paris, beautiful, woman -crazy, cajoling, bankrupt had you never been borne or killed unwedded to your return a big heartbreak, and your city and all your people to your self a thing shameful, but bringing joy to the enemy. (Il. 3. 35-50) Clearly, its no exaggeration to say that ballyrag views Helens pairing to Alexandros as a source of trouble, and a union control by blind lust. In fact, the intimacy of Helens marriage and the precariousness of her situation atomic number 18 known to all.Priam has to remind her that she is not to satanic (Il. 3. 165-170) and Helen knows that her behavior is indefensible Helen shining among women and I wish bitter death had been what I wanted, when I came hither following your son, desert my chamber, my kinsmen, my grown child, and the loveliness of the girls my own ageslut that I am. (Il. 3. 170-180) Indeed, it can be utter that Helen is a good model of how sexual attractiveness confers on the love one an obsessive value to the wrong of all other obligations . This, it must be added is boss arounds opinion of Paris.Another interesting contrast should be pointed out here that to the Trojans, Helen is to diabolical but to Hector, the blame lies squ bely on Paris. A critical look of Helens speech at the funeral Hector suggests this some(prenominal) (Il. 24. 765-770). The falsity of Helens marriage, or rather, the inconstancy of Helens emotions is shown, when we atomic number 18 told that after Iris had informed her that her heap was to be decided in a duel among Paris and Menelaus the goddess leave in her heart sweet hunger after her conserve of time forward and her city and her pargonnts (Il. 3. 138-140). Here, Helens irrational nature is in full display.Her sexual appetite veers ceaselessly one minute she is longing for her husband of time before (Menelaus), the next signification she is making love to Paris in his bed chamber (its true that they atomic number 18 all under the influence of Aphrodite, but Aphrodite is merel y the embodiment of the irresistible force of sexual excitement). Meanwhile, the women of Troy are up and intimately, all frantic with fear, some are assembling for prayers at the temple of the grey-eyed genus Athene others have gathered around Hector, when he lives the battle field, to ask after husband, brothers and neighbors and the Achaians are dangerously close to the city paries (Il.Book 6).Helen and Paris, it appears, are immune to these concerns. This pictorial matter reinforces the theme of the distraction of the masculine mind when sexual appetite is given at large(p) reign. Paris it appears is neglecting his obligation to defend the polis. Hector talks of him thus in breast of Hecuba while I go in search of Paris, to call him, if he will listen to anything I tell him. How I wish at this moment the estate might open beneath him. The especial(a) let him live, a great sorrow to the Trojans, and high-hearted Priam, and all his children.If only I could hold in him go ne down to the house of the end God (Il. 6. 280-284) once again Hector shows the alike disgust at Paris when he finds him resting in his house with Helen (Il. 6. 326-330). That Helens aberrant sexuality is the cause of the ruckus is gain reinforced in her meeting with Hector at Paris House. Helen calls herself a nasty-bitch evil-intriguing. The evocation of bitch imagery is important here. Dogs are the domestic beasts most(prenominal) intimate with compassionate life, capable of loyal service.But they alike represent unbridled appetite, particularly the female that mates frequently and indiscriminately (Thornton, 82) thus the word denotes a shamelessness resulting from failure to control ones sexual appetite. Interestingly, Helen voices her thirst for a better man, who knows the bounds of propriety in front of Hector (Il. 6. 350-354). We can only surmise that she still has Menelaus in mind. Again the contrast between Hector and Paris is drawn starkly in this result Hect or rejects Helens entreaties and is eager to assume his rightful(prenominal) role as a defender of the city while Paris has to be persuaded to rejoin the fray (Il.6. 354-363).Another circumstance of interest elaborates the contrast between Andromache, the embodiment of a perfect married woman, and Helen. Andromache appears in the epics most endearing scenes. The tender exchange between Andromache and hector reveals to us the importance marriage and the household had to the wife, the qualities of a good wife, and the gift she has in her husband heart. We learn that she is a good house wife, prays for her husband, worries constantly about his designate, loves her child and is completely dependent on her husband.Andromache voices her dependence on Hector thus Hector you are father to me, and my honored mother, you are my brother and you it is who are my boyish husband (Il. 6. 429-431) her life, it can be said, is inextricably intertwined with his, and her whole identity is predica ted on her attitude as wife and mother. At the like time, hector love and concern for his wife is patently obvious. In a skeleton moment of prophetic insight, he contemplates the thole of Troy, the death of his family and the fate of Andromache.In this episode, Hector is moved, not by the future sorrowfulness of his mother, father and brothers, but by the fate of Andromache as a miserable slave. This episode reinforces my previous argument that Hectors tragedy is the employment between his desire for Heroic honor and glory and his role as the defender of Troy and his family. This desire for honor and glory, which is someways linked to his pride (Hectors hubris is explored in this sections Il. 8. 535-541 Il. 13. 824-832 Il. 18. 293-309) is what prevents him from liquidating a war which he knows in unjust.In his last soliloquy, Hector admits this a great deal (Il. 22. 95-120). In short, it can be said that the war was precipitated by the recklessness of two ill-starred lovers, who failed to reign in their sexual passions. According to the customs, the violation of Menelaus marriage by Paris imposed on him and his kinsmen a duty to avenge his honor which, we are told was the destruction and pillage of Troy. At the time, the ideals of whiteness demanded a display of fighting eye on the part of the Trojans. All this themes are explored repeatedly in the relationship between hector and Helen.